ʿAbd Allāh, also spelled
Abdullah, in full
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (born
c. 1923—died
January 23, 2015, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), king of
Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2015. As crown prince (1982–2005), he had served as the country’s de facto ruler following the 1995 stroke of his half brother King
Fahd (reigned 1982–2005).
ʿAbd Allāh was one of King ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz
ibn Saʿūd’s 37 sons. For his support of Crown Prince
Fayṣal (1964–75) during Fayṣal’s power struggle with King
Saʿūd(1953–64), ʿAbd Allāh was rewarded in 1962 with command of the Saudi National Guard. In 1975 King
Khālid (1975–82), Fayṣal’s successor, appointed him deputy prime minister, and in 1982 King Fahd appointed him crown prince and first deputy prime minister. In 1995 Fahd suffered a debilitating stroke, and ʿAbd Allāh briefly served as regent the following year. Although Fahd subsequently returned to power, ʿAbd Allāh ran the daily affairs of the country and became king after Fahd died in 2005.
ʿAbd Allāh was committed to preserving Arab interests, but he also sought to maintain strong ties with the West, especially with the
United States. In 2001 relations between the two countries grew strained over Saudi claims that the U.S. government was not evenhanded in its approach to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The situation worsened later in the year, following the
September 11 attacksagainst the United States and the subsequent revelation that most of the attackers were Saudi nationals. ʿAbd Allāh condemned the attacks and, in a move to improve relations, proposed a peace initiative that was adopted at the 2002 Arab summit meeting. The plan called upon Israel to withdraw from the occupied territories (the
Gaza Strip,
West Bank, and
Golan Heights) and promised in return a full Arab normalization of relations with the Jewish country. Tensions between the United States and Saudi Arabia resurfaced, however, after ʿAbd Allāh refused to support a U.S.-led
attack on Iraq or to allow the use of Saudi military facilities for such an act. (
See Iraq War.)
On the domestic front, ʿAbd Allāh introduced a program of moderate reform to address a number of challenges facing Saudi Arabia. The country’s continued reliance on oil revenue was of particular concern, and among the economic reforms he introduced were limited deregulation, foreign investment, and privatization. He originally sought to placate extreme Islamist voices—many of which sought to end the Saʿūdī dynasty’s rule—yet the spectre of anti-Saudi and anti-Western violence within the country’s borders led him, for the first time, to order the use of force by the security services against some extremists. At the same time, in 2005 ʿAbd Allāh responded to demands for greater political inclusiveness by holding the country’s first municipal elections, based on adult male suffrage. Uncertainty surrounding succession in the kingdom was a further source of domestic concern, and late the following year ʿAbd Allāh issued a new law refining the country’s succession policies. Among the changes was the establishment of an Allegiance Commission, a council of Saudi princes meant to participate in the selection of a crown prince—previously the task of the king alone—and to oversee a smooth transition of power.
In February 2009 ʿAbd Allāh enacted a series of broad governmental changes, which affected areas such as the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries. Notable among his decisions were the replacement of senior individuals within the judiciary and the religious police with more moderate candidates and the appointment of the country’s first female deputy minister, who was charged with overseeing girls’ education. Upon ʿAbd Allāh’s death in 2015, his half-brother Salman was appointed king.
_________________________________________________________________
Abdullah, also spelled ʿAbd Allāh, in full Abdullah ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (b. c. 1923— d. January 23, 2015, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), was king of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2015. As crown prince (1982–2005), he served as the country’s de facto ruler following the 1995 stroke of his half brother King Fahd (r. 1982–2005). Abdullah was one of King ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Sa'ud's 37 sons. For his support of Crown Prince Faysal (1964–75) during Fayṣal’s power struggle with King Sa'ud (1953–64), Abdullah was rewarded in 1962 with command of the Saudi National Guard. In 1975 King Khalid (1975–82), Fayṣal’s successor, appointed him deputy prime minister and, in 1982, King Fahd appointed him crown prince and first deputy prime minister. In 1995, Fahd suffered a debilitating stroke, and Abdullah briefly served as regent the following year. Although Fahd subsequently returned to power, Abdullah ran the daily affairs of the country and became king after Fahd died in 2005.
Abdullah was committed to preserving Arab interests, but he also sought to maintain strong ties with the West, especially with the
United States. In 2001, relations between the two countries grew strained over Saudi claims that the United States government was not evenhanded in its approach to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The situation worsened later in the year, following the September 11 attacks against the United States and the subsequent revelation that most of the attackers were Saudi nationals. Abdullah condemned the attacks and, in a move to improve relations, proposed a peace initiative that was adopted at the 2002 Arab summit meeting. The plan called upon Israel to withdraw from the occupied territories (the Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights) and promised in return a full Arab normalization of relations with the Jewish country. Tensions between the United States and Saudi Arabia resurfaced, however, after Abdullah refused to support a United States-led
attack on Iraq or to allow the use of Saudi military facilities for such an act.
On the domestic front, Abdullah introduced a program of moderate reform to address a number of challenges facing Saudi Arabia. The country’s continued reliance on oil revenue was of particular concern, and among the economic reforms he introduced were limited deregulation, foreign investment, and privatization. He originally sought to placate extreme Islamist voices—many of which sought to end the Saʿūdī dynasty’s rule—yet the spectre of anti-Saudi and anti-Western violence within the country’s borders led him, for the first time, to order the use of force by the security services against some extremists. At the same time, in 2005, Abdullah responded to demands for greater political inclusiveness by holding the country’s first municipal elections, based on adult male suffrage. Uncertainty surrounding succession in the kingdom was a further source of domestic concern, and late the following year Abdullah issued a new law refining the country’s succession policies. Among the changes was the establishment of an Allegiance Commission, a council of Saudi princes meant to participate in the selection of a crown prince—previously the task of the king alone—and to oversee a smooth transition of power.
In February 2009, Abdullah enacted a series of broad governmental changes, which affected areas such as the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries. Notable among his decisions were the replacement of senior individuals within the judiciary and the religious police with more moderate candidates and the appointment of the country’s first female deputy minister, who was charged with overseeing girls’ education. Upon Abdullah's death in 2015, his half-brother Salman was appointed king.
_________________________________________________________________
Abdullah, like Fahd, was one of the many sons of
Ibn Saud, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Abdullah held important political posts throughout most of his adult life. In 1961 he became mayor of
Mecca, his first public office.
[1] The following year, he was appointed commander of the
Saudi Arabian National Guard, a post he was still holding when he became king. He also served as deputy defense minister and was named crown prince when Fahd took the throne in 1982. After King Fahd suffered a serious stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the
de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia until ascending the throne a decade later.
During his reign he maintained close relations with
United States and
Britain and bought billions of dollars worth of defense equipment from both states.
[2] He also gave women the right to vote for municipal councils and to compete in the
Olympics.
[3] Furthermore, Abdullah maintained the
status quo during the
waves of protest in the kingdom during the
Arab Spring.
[4] In November 2013, a
BBC report claimed that Saudi Arabia could obtain
nuclear weapons at will from
Pakistan due to a longstanding relationship.
[5]
The King outlived two of his crown princes. Conservative Interior Minister
Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud was named heir to the throne on the death of
Sultan bin Abdulaziz in October 2011, but Nayef himself died in June 2012. Abdullah then named the 76-year-old defense minister,
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, as crown prince. According to various reports, Abdullah married about 30 times, and had more than 35 children.
[6][7][8][9] The king had a personal fortune estimated at US$18 billion, making him the third
wealthiest head of state in the world.
[10] He died on 23 January 2015, aged 90, three weeks after being hospitalized for pneumonia.
[11]
Early life[edit]
Commander of National Guard[edit]
In 1963, Abdullah was made commander of
Saudi National Guard (SANG). This post allowed him to secure his position in the
House of Saud. SANG, which had been based on the
Ikhwan, became a modern army force under his command. Beginning by 1985, SANG also sponsors the Janadiriyah festival that institutionalized the traditional folk dances, camel races, and tribal heritage.
[20]
Second Deputy Prime Minister[edit]
King Khalid appointed Prince Abdullah as second deputy prime minister in March 1975, a reflection of being the second in line of succession to the Saudi throne.
[21][22] In other words, after this appointment, Prince Abdullah became the number three-man in Saudi administration.
[23] However, his appointment caused friction in the
House of Saud.
[24] Then-crown prince
Prince Fahd together with his full-brothers known as
Sudairi Seven supported the appointment of their own full brother,
Prince Sultan.
[24]Prince Abdullah was pressured to concede control of SANG in return for his appointment as Second Deputy Prime Minister. In August 1977, this caused a debate between hundreds of princes in
Riyadh.
[24] Abdullah did not concede authority of SANG because he feared that would weaken his authority.
[24]
Crown Prince and Regent[edit]
On 13 June 1982 when King Khalid died, Fahd bin Abdulaziz became King, Prince Abdullah became
Crown Prince the same day. He also maintained his position as head of the National Guard. During his years as crown prince, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz was described as a supporter of accommodation.
[25] He managed to group
[clarification needed] a large number of fringe and marginalized princes discontented with the prospect of the succession being passed among the Sudairi brothers one after the other. His control of the National Guard also was a key factor in his success in becoming crown prince.
[26] When King Fahd was incapacitated by a major stroke in 1995,
[27] Crown Prince Abdullah acted as
de facto regent of Saudi Arabia.
In May 2001, Crown Prince Abdullah did not accept an invitation to visit
Washington due to U.S. support for
Israel in the
Second Intifada. He also appeared more eager than King Fahd to cut government spending and open Saudi Arabia up economically. He pushed for Saudi membership in the
World Trade Organization, surprising some.
[28]
In August 2001, he ordered then Saudi Ambassador to the US,
Bandar bin Sultan, to return to Washington. This reportedly occurred after Crown Prince Abdullah witnessed a brutality between an
Israeli soldier and a
Palestinian woman.
[29] He later also condemned Israel for attacking families of accused suspects.
[29]
"God Almighty, in His wisdom, tests the faithful by allowing such calamities to happen. But He, in His mercy, also provides us with the will and determination, generated by faith, to enable us to transform such tragedies into great achievements, and crises that seem debilitating are transformed into opportunities for the advancement of humanity. I only hope that, with your cooperation and leadership, a new world will emerge out of the rubble of the World Trade Center: a world that is blessed by the virtues of freedom, peace, prosperity and harmony."
[31]
By late 2003, after the Saudi Arabian branch of
al-Qaeda carried out a series of bombings that threatened to destabilize the country, Crown Prince Abdullah together with other decision-making elites began to deal with political concerns. One of such moves was his project to promote more tolerance for religious diversity and rein in the forces of politico-religious extremism in the kingdom, leading to the establishment of
National Dialogue. In the summer of 2003, Abdullah threw his considerable weight behind the creation of a national dialogue that brought leading religious figures together, including a highly publicized meeting attended by the kingdom's preeminent Shi'i scholar Hasan al-Saffar, as well as a group of
Sunni clerics who had previously expressed their loathing for the Shi'i minority.
[32] (
See also King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue)
King of Saudi Arabia[edit]
Royal Standard of the King
Abdullah succeeded to the throne upon the death of his half-brother King
Fahd. He was formally enthroned on 2 August 2005.
Domestic affairs[edit]
King Abdullah's administration has realized various reforms in different fields.
In 2005, King Abdullah implemented a government scholarship program to send young Saudi men and women to study abroad in different universities around the world for undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The program offered funds for tuition and living expenses up to four years. It is estimated that more than 70,000 students studied abroad in more than 25 countries. United States, England, and Australia are the top three destinations mostly aimed for by the young Saudi students. There are more than 22,000 Saudi students studying in the United States, exceeding pre-9/11 levels. Public health engagement included
breast cancer awareness and CDC cooperation to set up an advanced epidemic screening network that protected this year's 3 million Hajj pilgrims.
[33][34]
King Abdullah has implemented many reform measures. He has re-shuffled the Ministry of Education's leadership in February 2009 by bringing in his pro-reform son-in-law,
Faisal bin Abdullah, as the new minister. He also appointed
Nora Al Fayez, a U.S.-educated former teacher, as deputy education minister in charge of a new department for female students.
[35]
He realized a top-to-bottom restructuring of the country's courts to introduce, among other things, review of judicial decisions and more professional training for Shari'a judges. He developed a new investment promotion agency to overhaul the once-convoluted process of starting a business in Saudi Arabia. He created a regulatory body for capital markets. He has promoted the construction of the
King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (the country's new flagship and controversially co-ed institution for advanced scientific research). He invested in educating the workforce for future jobs. The Saudi government is also encouraging the development of non-hydrocarbon sectors in which the Kingdom has a comparative advantage, including mining, solar energy, and religious tourism. The Kingdom's 2010 budget reflected these priorities—about 25 percent was devoted to education alone—and amounts to a significant economic stimulus package.
[33][36]
The response of his administration to homegrown terrorism was a series of crackdowns including raids by security forces, arrests, torture and public beheadings.
[37] He vowed to fight terrorist ideologies within the country. He made the protection of Saudi Arabia's critical infrastructure a top security priority.
[38]
His strategy against terrorism has been two-pronged: he attacked the roots of the extremism that fed Al-Qaida through education and judicial reforms to weaken the influence of the most reactionary elements of Saudi Arabia's religious establishment. He is also promoting economic diversification.
He decreed in August 2010 that only officially approved religious scholars associated with the
Senior Council of Ulema would be allowed to issue
fatwas. Similar decrees since 2005 were previously seldom enforced. Individual fatwas relating to personal matters were exempt from the royal decree. The decree also instructed the Grand Mufti to identify eligible scholars.
[39]
In light of the
Arab Spring, Abdullah laid down a $37-billion (€32,8 billion) programme of new spending including new jobless benefits, education and housing subsidies, debt write-offs, and a new sports channel. There was also a pledge to spend a total of $400 billion by the end of 2014 to improve education, health care and the kingdom's infrastructure.
[40] However, Saudi police arrested 100 Shiite protesters who complained of government discrimination.
[41] Later during the
2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests, in September 2011, the King announced
women's right to vote in the
2015 municipal council elections, a first significant reform step in the country since the protests. He also stated that women would become eligible to take part in the unelected
shura.
[42][43]
In January 2012, King Abdullah dismissed the head of Saudi Arabia's powerful religious police, replacing him with a more moderate cleric, state news agency SPA reported, without giving reasons. Abdullatif Abdel Aziz al-Sheikh was named, in place of Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Humain, to head the
Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice. King Abdullah had appointed Humain in 2009 to head the "mutaween," which ensures the strict application of the country's ultra-conservative version of Islam, as a step towards reforming it. Humain hired consultants to restructure the organisation, met local human rights groups and consulted professional image-builders in a broad public relations campaign. Under his leadership the commission also investigated and punished some "out-of-control" officers for misbehaviour.
[44]
In July 2012, Saudi Arabia announced that it would allow its women athletes to compete in the Olympics for the first time and that the country's Olympic Committee would "oversee participation of women athletes who can qualify". The decision ended speculation that the entire Saudi team might have been disqualified on grounds of gender discrimination. The public participation of women in sport is still fiercely opposed by many Saudi religious conservatives. There is almost no public tradition of women participating in sport in the country. Saudi officials said that, if successful in qualifying, female competitors would be dressed "to preserve their dignity".
[45] On 11 January 2013, King Abdullah appointed thirty women to the
Consultative Assembly or
Shura Council and modified the related law to mandate that no less than 20 percent of 150 members would be women.
[46]
In August 2013, the Saudi cabinet approved a law making domestic violence a criminal offence for the first time. The law calls for a punishment of up to a year in prison and a fine of up to 50,000 riyals (€11.500/US$13,000).
[47] The maximum punishments can be doubled for repeat offenders. The law criminalizes psychological and
sexual abuse, as well as physical abuse. It also includes a provision obliging employees to report instances of abuse in the workplace to their employer.
[48] The move followed a
Twittercampaign. The new laws were welcomed by Saudi women's rights activists, although some expressed concerns that the law could not be implemented successfully without new training for the judiciary, and that the tradition of male guardianship would remain an obstacle to prosecutions.
[47]
Interfaith dialogue[edit]
In November 2007, King Abdullah visited
Pope Benedict XVI in the
Apostolic Palace. He is the first Saudi monarch to visit the Pope.
[49][50] In March 2008, he called for a “brotherly and sincere dialogue between believers from all religions”.
[51]
Abdullah in a meeting with US Secretary of State
John Kerry, 5 January 2014.
In June 2008, he held a conference in
Mecca to urge Muslim leaders to speak with one voice with Jewish and Christian leaders.
[52] He discussed with and took approval from Saudi and non-Saudi Islamic scholars to hold the
interfaith dialogue. In the same month, Saudi Arabia and Spain agreed to hold the interfaith dialogue in Spain.
[53] The historic conference finally took place in Madrid in July 2008 where religious leaders of different faiths participated,
[54] and later led to the 2010 proclamation of
World Interfaith Harmony Week.
He had never previously made overtures for dialogue with eastern religious leaders, such as
Hindus and
Buddhists. The Mecca conference discussed a paper on dialogue with monotheists — highlighting the monotheistic religions of southeast Asia, including
Sikhism — in the third axis of the fourth meeting, titled "With Whom We Talk," presented by Sheikh Badrul Hasan Al Qasimi. The session was chaired by Ezz Eddin Ibrahim, cultural adviser to the president of the
United Arab Emirates. The session also discussed a paper presented on coordination among Islamic institutions on Dialogue by Abdullah bin Omar Nassif, Secretary General of the World Islamic Council for Preaching and Relief and a paper on dialogue with divine messages, presented by Professor Mohammad Sammak – Secretary General of the Islamic Spiritual Summit in Lebanon.
In November 2008, he and his government arranged discussion at the
United Nations General Assembly to “promote dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, as well as activities related to a culture of peace” and calling for “concrete action at the global, regional and subregional levels.”
[55] It brought together Muslim and non-Muslim nations to eradicate preconceptions as to Islam and terrorism, with world leaders — including former U.K. Prime Minister
Tony Blair, Israeli President
Shimon Peres, U.S. President
George W. Bush and King
Abdullah II of Jordan — attending.
Arab common market[edit]
King Abdullah called for the establishment of an Arab common market in January 2011. Saudi foreign minister,
Saud bin Faisal, stated the Arab Customs Union would be ready by 2015 and by 2017 the common market would also be in place. There have been intensive efforts to link Arab countries with a railway system and an electricity power grid. Work on the power grid project has started in some Arab countries.
[59]
United States[edit]
Abdullah visits the United States in April 2005
King Abdullah has long been pro-American and a long time close ally of the
United States. In October 1976, as Prince Abdullah was being trained for greater responsibility in Riyadh, he was sent to the United States to meet with President
Gerald Ford. He again traveled to the United States as Crown Prince in October 1987, meeting Vice President
George H. W. Bush. In September 1998, Crown Prince Abdullah made a
state visit to the United States to meet in Washington, D.C. with President
Bill Clinton. In September 2000, he attended
millennium celebrations at the United Nations in New York City. In April 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah made a state visit to the United States with President
George W. Bush and he returned again in April 2005 with Bush. In April 2009, at a summit for world leaders U.S. President
Barack Obama met him. In June 2009, King Abdullah hosted President Obama in Saudi Arabia. In turn, Obama hosted King Abdullah at the
White House in the same month.
He showed great support for Obama's presidency. "Thank God for bringing Obama to the presidency", he said, adding that Obama's election created "great hope" in the Muslim world.
[60] He stated, "We (the U.S. and Saudi Arabia) spilled blood together" in Kuwait and Iraq and Saudi Arabia valued this tremendously and friendship can be a difficult issue that requires work but the United States and Saudi Arabia have done it for 70 years over three generations. "Our disagreements don't cut to the bone", he stated.
[61] He was the leading gift-giver to the U.S. president and his office in his first two years in office, his gifts totaling more than $300,000. A ruby and diamond jewelry set, given by the king and accepted by
Michelle Obama on behalf of the United States, was worth $132,000.
[62] However, according to federal law, gifts of such nature and value are accepted "on behalf of the United States" and are considered property of the U.S. government.
The Bush administration ignored advice from him and Saudi foreign minister
Saud Al Faisal against invading Iraq.
[38] However, other sources said that many Arab governments were only nominally opposed to the Iraq invasion because of popular hostility.
[63] Before becoming king, Prince Abdullah was thought to be completely against the U.S. invasion of Iraq; this, however, was not the case. Riyadh provided essential support to the United States during the war and proved that "necessity does lead to some accommodations from time to time".
[64] The King expressed a complete lack of trust in Iraqi Prime Minister
Nouri Al Maliki and held out little hope for improved Saudi-Iraqi relations as long as al-Maliki remains in office.
[61] King Abdullah told an Iraqi official about Al Maliki, “You and Iraq are in my heart, but that man is not.”
[65]
In September 2014 following the spread of ISIL, he issued a statement, "From the cradle of revelation and the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), I call on leaders and scholars of the Islamic nation to carry out their duty towards God Almighty, and to stand in the face of those trying to hijack Islam and present it to the world as a religion of extremism, hatred, and terrorism, and to speak the word of truth, and not fear anybody. Our nation today is passing through a critical, historic stage, and history will be witness against those who have been the tool exploited by the enemies to disperse and tear the nation and tarnish the pure image of Islam".
[66]
In 2006, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei had sent his adviser
Ali Akbar Velayati with a letter asking for King Abdullah's agreement to establish a formal back channel for communication between the two leaders. Abdullah said he had agreed, and the channel was established with Velayati and Saud Al Faisal as the points of contact. In the years since, the King noted, the channel had never been used.
[67]
In April 2008, according to a U.S. cable released by
Wikileaks, King Abdullah had told the U.S. ambassador to Iraq,
Ryan Crocker, and General
David Petraeus to "cut off the head of the snake". Saudi Arabia's ambassador to Washington,
Adel al-Jubeir, "recalled the King's frequent exhortations to the US to attack Iran" and to put an end to its nuclear program.
[68] King Abdullah asserted that Iran is trying to set up
Hezbollah-like organizations in African countries, observing that the Iranians don't think they are doing anything wrong and don't recognize their mistakes. He said the Iranians "launch missiles with the hope of putting fear in people and the world". The King described his conversation with Iranian foreign minister
Mottaki as "a heated exchange, frankly discussing Iran's interference in Arab affairs". When challenged by the King on Iranian meddling in Hamas affairs, Mottaki apparently protested that "these are Muslims". "No, Arabs", countered the King. "You as Persians have no business meddling in Arab matters". King Abdullah said he would favor
Rafsanjani in an Iranian election.
[60][67]
He told General Jones that Iranian internal turmoil presented an opportunity to weaken the regime—which he encouraged—but he also urged that this be done covertly and stressed that public statements in support of the reformers were counterproductive. The King assessed that sanctions could help weaken the government, but only if they are strong and sustained.
[33]
Bahrain[edit]
In March 2014 Saudi forces led troops into Bahrain to quell peaceful demonstrations. At the same time, the Saudis formed the Gulf Cooperation Council to coordinate efforts between different Gulf countries.
[69]
Saudi Arabia, by the endorsement of the
Gulf Cooperation Council, sent 1,200 troops to
Bahrain to protect industrial facilities, resulting in strained relations with the United States. The military personnel were part of the
Peninsula Shield Force which is stationed in Saudi Arabia but not affiliated with one country alone.
[70][71]
Guantánamo Bay[edit]
In December 2010,
leaked diplomatic cables published by
WikiLeaks revealed that King Abdullah wanted all detainees released from the
Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be tracked through an implanted microchip, in a similar way to race horses. The King made the private suggestion during a meeting in Riyadh in March 2009 with
John O. Brennan, the White House counterterrorism adviser. Brennan replied that "horses don't have good lawyers" and that such a proposal would "face legal hurdles" in the United States. In the same cables, it was revealed that Abdullah also privately urged the United States to attack Iran to destroy its nuclear weapons program.
[61]
Since King Abdullah's visit to Beijing in January 2006, the Saudi-Chinese relationship has focused predominantly on energy and trade. The king's visit was the first by a Saudi head of state to China since the two countries established diplomatic relations in 1990.
[72] Bilateral trade with China has more than tripled, and China would soon be Saudi Arabia's largest importer. Saudi Arabia also committed significant investments in China, including the $8 billion
Fujian refinery. Based on a
WikiLeaks cable, the King told the Chinese that it was willing to effectively trade a guaranteed oil supply in return for Chinese pressure on Iran not to develop nuclear weapons.
[33]
In late March 2011, King Abdullah sent
Bandar, secretary general of the
National Security Council, to China to gain its support regarding Saudi Arabia's attitude towards the
Arab Spring. In turn, lucrative arm contracts were secretly offered to China by the Kingdom. Furthermore, King Abdullah believed that China as well as
India were the future markets for Saudi energy.
[73]
Relations with other nations[edit]
In November 2009, King Abdullah was received by
Nicolas Sarkozy, who committed various diplomatic faux pas. The diplomatic relationship
Jacques Chirac had with Saudi Arabia was not evident with Sarkozy.
[74] In January 2011, the Kingdom granted asylum to the ousted Tunisian leader,
Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, under conditions of no further political involvement.
[59] According to leaked cables, King Abdullah was more receptive than Crown Prince Sultan to former
Yemeni President
Saleh.
[75]
King Abdullah supported renewed diplomatic relations with the Syrian government and
Bashar al-Assad. They met in
Damascus on 7 October 2009.
[76] In addition, Assad attended the opening of
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in October 2009. Relations between Syria and Saudi Arabia deteriorated as a result of the
Syrian Civil War. In August 2011, King Abdullah recalled the Saudi Ambassador from Damascus due to the political unrest in Syria and closed its embassy in Syria.
[77]
In December 2011, King Abdullah called on leaders of the
Gulf Cooperation Council to strengthen their alliance into a united "single entity" as they confront threats to national security. "I ask you today to move from a stage of cooperation to a stage of union in a single entity", King Abdullah said at the opening session of a GCC meeting in Riyadh in comments aired on Saudi state television. “No doubt, you all know we are targeted in our security and stability.”
[78]
Criticism as king[edit]
On 16 February 2003,
Parade magazine's
David Wallechinsky rated King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah as the second worst dictators in the world.
[79] Most of this criticism stems from the fact that most of Saudi citizens live under a strict
Wahhabist interpretation of
Sharia law, which mandates the amputation of hands as a punishment for theft and floggings for crimes like drunkenness.
[80] Execution by public beheading is common for murder, rape, drug trafficking and witchcraft, and Abdullah's policies towards the rights of women have also been criticized. In a slight rebuff to accusations of human rights violations, Saudi inmates of
Najran Province sent the King well-wishes from jail and wished him a speedy recovery.
[81]
King Abdullah has also been criticized for his policies on religious freedom and the Saudi government allegedly has arrested
Shiite pilgrims on the
Hajj.
[80] On 24 January 2007,
Human Rights Watch sent an open letter to King Abdullah asking him to cease religious persecution of the
Ahmadi faith in Saudi Arabia. Two letters were sent in November 2006 and February 2007 asking him to remove the travel ban on critics of the Saudi government.
[82] Human Rights Watch has not yet indicated whether they have received any response to these letters.
On 30 October 2007, during a state visit to the United Kingdom, King Abdullah was accused by protestors of being a "murderer" and a "torturer". Concerns were raised in the UK about the treatment of women and homosexuals by the Saudi kingdom and over alleged bribes involving arms deals between Saudi Arabia and the UK.
[83]
While open criticism of the King within the country is forbidden, criticism of his extremely powerful Chief of Staff/private secretary and
eminence gris (formally President of the Royal Court)
Khaled al-Tuwaijri, is not, and he soon became one of the most hated men in the country.
[citation needed]
Succession to the throne[edit]
King Abdullah's
heir apparent was his half-brother
Crown Prince Sultan until the latter's death on 22 October 2011. The title of Crown Prince then passed to Prince Sultan's full-brother,
Nayef, until his death in
Geneva,
Switzerland, on 16 June 2012, while undergoing medical tests for an undisclosed ailment. His third heir apparent was his half-brother
Salman, who was named as Crown Prince on 18 June 2012,
[84] and would succeed him in 2015.
In 2006, Abdullah set up the
Allegiance Council, a body that is composed of the sons and grandsons of Saudi Arabia's founder, King Abdulaziz, to vote by a secret ballot to choose future kings and crown princes. The council's mandate was not to have started until after the reigns of both King Abdullah and late Prince Sultan were over. It was not clear what was to happen when Prince Sultan died before the end of Abdullah's reign, leaving a question as to whether the council would vote for a new crown prince, or whether Prince Nayef would automatically fill that position. Despite such concerns, Prince Nayef was appointed Crown Prince on 27 October 2011 after consultation with the Allegiance Council by Abdullah.
[85]
In November 2010, Prince Nayef chaired a cabinet meeting because of the deterioration of the King's health.
[86] During the same month, King Abdullah transferred his duties as Commander of the Saudi National Guard to his son Prince
Mutaib. King Abdullah is credited with building up the once largely ceremonial unit into a modern 260,000-strong force that is a counterweight to the army. The Guard, which was Abdullah's original power base, protects the royal family. This was suggested as an apparent sign that the elderly monarch was beginning to lessen some of his duties.
[87]
Various positions[edit]
King Abdullah was Commander of the
Saudi National Guard from 1963 to 2010. He was Chairman of the Saudi Supreme Economic Council until 2009.
[88] He also continued to be the President of the High Council for Petroleum and Minerals, President of the
King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue, Chairman of the Council of Civil Service, and head of the Military Service Council until his death in 2015.
Personal life[edit]
King Abdullah was a
falconer in his youth
King Abdullah followed his father's (
King Abdulaziz's) path in terms of marriage in that he married the daughters of the al Shalan of
Anizah, al Fayz of Bani Sakhr, and al Jarbah of the Iraqi branch of the
Shammar tribe.
[20] King Abdullah had about 30 wives, and fathered about 35 children.
[6][7][8][89] One of his wives is the sister of
Rifaat al-Assad's wife.
[90] He also married Jawahir bint Ali Hussein from Al Jiluwi clan, with whom he had a daughter, Princess Anoud and a son, Prince Saud.
[91][92] Aida Fustuq was another wife of Abdullah, they had 2 children,
Adila and
Abdulaziz.
[93][94] They divorced later.
[95] Munira bint Abdullah Al Al Shaykh was the wife of King Abdullah and gave birth to his eldest living son, Prince Khaled.
[96]Tathi bint Mishan al Faisal Al Jarba gave birth to Prince Mishaal.
[97]
King Abdullah's eldest son,
Prince Khaled, was deputy commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard West until 1992. His second son,
Prince Mutaib, is the former commander and current minister of the National Guard. His mother is Munira Al Otaishan.
Prince Mishaal was the governor of
the Makkah Province (2013–2015).
[98] Prince Abdulaziz was the king's former Syrian adviser
[90] and has been deputy foreign affairs minister since 2011.
Prince Faisal is the head of the Saudi Arabian Red Crescent Society. King Abdullah's seventh son,
Prince Turki, who was a pilot in the
the Royal Saudi Air Force, was the governor of
the Riyadh Province (2014–2015).
[99] The youngest son, Prince Badr, was born in 2003, when Abdullah was about 79 years old.
[100]
Daughters[edit]
From his marriage to Princess Alanoud Al Fayez (arranged when she was 15 without her having ever met him), whom he has now divorced, he had four daughters - Princesses Sahar, Maha, Hala and Jawahir.
[105]The four princesses have been under house arrest for the last 13 years, and are not allowed to leave the country.
[106][107] After media releases in March 2014, Sahar and Jawaher received no food or clean water for 25 days, lost 10 kilos each and their mother carried out weekly protests in front of the Saudi Arabian embassy in London,
[108] and about which Sahar and Jawaher released a video while under house arrest pleading for help from the international community. King Abdullah also had a daughter called Princess Nora who died in 1990 in a car accident.
Ancestry[edit]
[show]Ancestors of Abdullah of Saudi Arabia |
Declining health and death[edit]
The King had curtailed his activities from June 2010 with no clear explanation. Diplomats said there had been uncertainty about the extent of his health problems since Abdullah canceled a visit to France.
[when?] In a television appearance in which he was seen to use a cane, King Abdullah said he was in good health but had something "bothering" him. In a visit by US diplomats to Saudi Arabia in April 2014 the Saudi King was seen connected to breathing tubes during talks, indicating increasing health problems.
From 2010 to 2012 King Abdullah had four back surgeries.
[110] The first two of the surgeries were in New York, one in 2010 for a slipped disk and a blood clot pressing on nerves in his back and a second to stabilize vertebrae in 2011.
[110] The third one was in Riyadh in 2011. And the last one was also in Riyadh on 17 November 2012.
[110]
In November 2010, his back problems came to light in the media. He had an "accumulation of blood" around the spinal cord. He suffered from a herniated disc and was told to rest by doctors. To maintain the Kingdom's stability, Crown Prince Sultan returned from Morocco during the King's absence.
[111] The King was admitted to
New York-Presbyterian Hospital after a blood clot complicated a slipped disc and underwent successful back surgery. The lead surgeon was Muhammad Zaka, who probably removed the herniated disk and performed a lumbar fusion.
[112][113][114] He subsequently had another successful surgery in which surgeons "stabilized a number of vertebras". He left the hospital on 22 December 2010 and convalesced at
The Plaza in New York City.
[115] On 22 January 2011, he left the United States and went to
Morocco.
[116]He returned to the Kingdom on 23 February 2011.
[117]
King Abdullah left Saudi Arabia on "special leave" on 27 August 2012.
[118] Al-Quds reported that he had an operation at
Mount Sinai Hospital, New York on or before 4 September 2012, following a heart attack.
[119]However, there was no official report on this alleged operation. Instead, it was officially announced that the King went on a private trip to Morocco, where he is known to go frequently. The King returned to Saudi Arabia from Morocco on 24 September.
[120] Nearly two months later, in November 2012, King Abdullah underwent another back surgery in Riyadh
[121] and left hospital on 13 December 2012.
[122] A report in April 2014 stated the King had around six months left to live, citing his diagnosis of terminal lung cancer.
[123] On 2 January 2015, Abdullah was hospitalized in Riyadh for
pneumonia[124] and died on 23 January at the age of 90.
[125][126] Per Islamic tradition, his funeral was held the same day, a public ceremony at the Grand Mosque of Riyadh before burial in an unmarked grave at the
Al Oud cemetery.
[127] Three days of national mourning were declared, in which flags would fly at half mast.
[127] Flags were also flown half-mast at
Buckingham Palace and
Westminster Abbey in London.
[128]
Philanthropy[edit]
- While still Crown Prince, Abdullah paid for the separation surgery of a pair of Polish conjoined twins, which took place at the King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh on 3 January 2005.[129] He was given "honorary citizenship" by the Polish town of Janikowo, where the twins were born. On 18 March 2005, he was awarded the Order of the Smile, which he received during his visit to Poland in 2007.
- He established two libraries: the King Abdulaziz Library in Riyadh; and another in Casablanca, Morocco.
- He donated over $300,000 to furnish a New Orleans high school rebuilding after Hurricane Katrina.
Influence[edit]
King Abdullah was, in 2012, named as the most influential Muslim among 500 Muslims for the previous 4 years.
[132][133] In December 2012,
Forbes named him as the seventh most powerful figure in its list of the "World's Most Powerful People" for 2012, being the sole Arab in the top ten.
[134]
Honours and awards[edit]
In April 2012, he was awarded by
the United Nations a gold medal for his contributions to intercultural understanding and peace initiatives.
[136]
In 2011,
Forbes estimated his and his immediate family's documentable wealth at
US$21 billion, ranking him as one of the richest royals in the world.
[137]
Abdullah was an expert
equestrian in his youth. His stables were considered the largest in the Kingdom, with over 1,000 horses spread throughout five divisions led by his son Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah.
[138] The King owned Janadria Farm, the large complex located in the suburbs of
Riyadh.
[138]
For holidays the King maintained a large palace complex with several residential compounds in
Casablanca,
Morocco.
[139] It is equipped with two
heliports and is surrounded by large mansions on 133 acres of vegetation.